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1.1 | Scope and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–1 | ||
1.2 | Reliability Assurance – Overview and Philosophy . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–2 | ||
1.2.1 | Overview of Reliability Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–2 | ||
1.2.2 | Reliability Assurance Generic Requirements Philosophy | . . . . . . . . . | 1–3 | ||
1.3 | Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1–4 | |||
1.3.1 | Changes Between Issues 1 and 2 of GR-468-CORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 1–4 | |||
1.3.2 | Changes Between TR-NWT-000468/TA-NWT-000983 and GR-468-CORE, | ||||
Issue 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–5 | |||
1.4 | Related Telcordia Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–6 | ||
1.5 | Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–7 | ||
1.5.1 | Device Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . | 1–7 | ||
1.5.2 | Suppliers, Manufacturers, and Customers . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . 1–11 | |||
1.5.3 | Operating Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . 1–11 | |||
1.5.3.1 | CO Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . 1–12 | |||
1.5.3.2 | UNC Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . 1–12 | |||
1.5.4 | Quality Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . 1–13 | |||
1.5.5 | Failure Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15 | ||||
1.5.6 | Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15 | ||||
1.6 | Requirement Labeling Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–16 | ||||
1.6.1 | Numbering of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–16 | ||||
1.6.2 | Identification of Object Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–16 | ||||
1.6.3 | Requirement Object Absolute Number Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–17 | ||||
2 Reliability Assurance Processes
2.1 Supplier Approval and Device Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–1 | |||
2.1.1 | Specification and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–2 | ||
2.1.2 | Supplier Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–2 | ||
2.1.3 | Common Process-Related Criteria for Device Qualification . . . . . | . | . | 2–3 | ||
2.1.3.1 | Qualification Test Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–3 | ||
2.1.3.2 Qualification of Devices by Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–5 | |||
2.1.3.3 | Levels of Assembly for Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–5 | ||
2.1.3.4 Provisional Use of Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–6 | |||
2.1.3.5 Use of Supplier-Provided Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–8 | |||
2.1.3.6 | Treatment of Internally Manufactured Devices . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–8 | ||
2.1.3.7 | Sampling for Qualification Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–9 | ||
2.1.3.7.1 | LTPD Sampling Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . | 2–9 | ||
2.1.3.7.2 | Use of Nonconforming Devices for Qualification . . . . . | . | . 2–10 | |||
2.1.3.7.3 | Treatment of Low Volume Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . 2–11 | |||
2.1.3.7.4 | Characterization Test Data for Additional Samples . . . . | . | . 2–11 | |||
2.1.3.7.5 | Additional Considerations for Stress Tests . . . . . . . . | . | . 2–11 | |||
2.1.3.8 | Device Codes that Fail Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . 2–12 | |||
2.1.4 | Requalification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . | . 2–13 | |||
2.2 | Lot-to-Lot Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15 | |||||||
2.2.1 | Definition of a Lot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15 | |||||||
2.2.2 | Purchase Specifications | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–16 | ||||||
2.2.3 | Sampling for Lot-to-Lot Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–16 | |||||||
2.2.3.1 | AQL-Based Sampling | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17 | ||||||
2.2.3.2 Treatment of Low Volume Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17 | ||||||||
2.2.4 | Source Inspection/Incoming Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–18 | |||||||
2.2.4.1 Use of Supplier-Provided Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–18 | ||||||||
2.2.4.2 | Treatment of Internally Manufactured Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 2–19 | |||||||
2.2.4.3 | Controls for Devices Used in Purchased Modules . . . . . . . . . . 2–19 | |||||||
2.2.5 | Lot-to-Lot Control Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–19 | |||||||
2.2.6 | Lot-to-Lot Control Test Areas | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20 | ||||||
2.2.6.1 | Visual Inspection | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20 | ||||||
2.2.6.2 | Electrical and Optical Testing | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21 | ||||||
2.2.6.3 | Screening . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21 | ||||||
2.2.7 | Data Recording and Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22 | |||||||
2.2.8 | Summary of Supplier History Data | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23 | ||||||
2.2.9 | Treatment of Defective Devices and Lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23 | |||||||
2.2.10 | Ship-to-Stock Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23 | |||||||
2.3 Feedback and Corrective Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–25 | ||||||||
2.3.1 | Lot-to-Lot Control Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–26 | |||||||
2.3.2 | Circuit Pack Test and Burn-In | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–26 | ||||||
2.3.3 | System-Level Test and Burn-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27 | |||||||
2.3.4 | Repair of Field Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27 | |||||||
2.3.5 | Unconfirmed Circuit Pack Failures | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27 | ||||||
2.3.6 | Data Collection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28 | |||||||
2.3.7 | Device Failure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28 | |||||||
2.4 Device Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29 | ||||||||
2.4.1 | Nonconforming Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29 | |||||||
2.4.2 | Material Review System | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29 | ||||||
2.4.3 | Stockroom Inventory Practices | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29 | ||||||
2.4.3.1 | FIFO Inventory Policy | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29 | ||||||
2.4.3.2 Reworked Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30 | ||||||||
2.4.4 | ESD Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30 | |||||||
2.5 | Documentation and Test Data | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–31 | ||||||
2.5.1 | Availability of Documentation | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32 | ||||||
2.5.2 | Availability of Other Information | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32 | ||||||
2.6 Availability of Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33 | ||||||||
2.7 | Environmental, Health, Safety, and Physical Design Considerations . . . . . . 2–33 | |||||||
2.7.1 | Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33 | |||||||
2.7.2 | Health Considerations | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33 | ||||||
2.7.3 | Safety Considerations – Flammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34 | |||||||
2.7.4 | Physical Design Considerations | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34 | ||||||
2.7.4.1 | Hermeticity . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34 | ||||||
2.7.4.2 | Solder Flux . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35 | ||||||
2.7.4.3 | Allowable Terminal and Lead Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35 | |||||||
3 Test Procedures
3.1 | General Test Procedure Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–1 | |
3.1.1 | Standardized Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–1 | |
3.1.2 | Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–2 | |
3.1.3 | Establishment of Pass/Fail Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–2 | |
3.1.4 | Alternative Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–2 | |
3.1.4.1 Calculation of Equivalent Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–3 | ||
3.1.4.2 Activation Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–4 | ||
3.1.4.3 Additional Considerations Related to Multiple Failure | |||
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–5 | ||
3.2 | Characterization Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–6 | |
3.2.1 | Spectral Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–6 | |
3.2.1.1 Spectral Characteristics for MLM Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–7 | ||
3.2.1.2 Spectral Characteristics for SLM Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | 3–9 |
3.2.1.2.1 Considerations for Continuous Wave Lasers . . . . . . . . . . 3–10
3.2.1.2.2 Considerations for WDM Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–11
3.2.1.2.3 | Considerations for Tunable Lasers . . . . . . . | . . . | . . . | . | . 3–12 |
3.2.1.2.4 | Considerations for High Bit-Rate Applications | . . . | . . . | . | . 3–12 |
3.2.1.3 Spectral Characteristics for LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13
3.2.2 Output Power/Drive Current Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
3.2.2.1 General Output Power and L-I Curve Measurement
Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–14 | ||
3.2.2.2 | Laser Threshold Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–16 | |
3.2.2.3 | Laser Threshold Current Temperature Sensitivity . . | . . . . . . . . 3–16 | |
3.2.2.4 | Output Power Levels at Particular Current Levels . . | . . . . . . . . 3–17 | |
3.2.2.4.1 | Laser Output Power at the Threshold Current . | . . . . . . . . 3–17 | |
3.2.2.4.2 | LED Output Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–17 | |
3.2.2.5 | Linearity of the Laser L-I Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–17 | |
3.2.2.5.1 | Overall Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–18 | |
3.2.2.5.2 Kinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–18 | ||
3.2.2.5.3 | Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–19 | |
3.2.2.6 | Laser Slope Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–19 | |
3.2.2.7 | Relative Intensity Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–20 | |
3.2.2.8 | EELED Superluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . 3–20 | |
3.2.2.9 EELED Lasing Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20
3.2.3 | Laser Voltage-Current Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20 | |||
3.2.4 | Modulated Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21 | |||
3.2.4.1 | Modulated Signal Shape | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21 | ||
3.2.4.1.1 Eye Pattern | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21 | |||
3.2.4.1.2 Rise and Fall Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23 | ||||
3.2.4.2 | Extinction Ratio and Modulation Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–24 | |||
3.2.4.3 Turn-On Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25 | ||||
3.2.4.4 | Cutoff Frequency | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25 | ||
3.2.5 | Tunable Laser Characteristics | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–26 | ||
3.2.6 | Optical Output Fields and Component Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–26 | |||
3.2.6.1 | Far-Field Pattern | . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–26 | ||
3.2.6.2 Coupling Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–27
3.2.6.3 | Front-To-Rear Tracking Ratio Deviation . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–27 | |||
3.2.6.4 | Front-To-Rear Tracking Error . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–28 | |||
3.2.6.5 | Polarization Extinction Ratio . . . . . . . . | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–28 | |||
3.2.7 Modulator Optical and Electrical Characteristics | . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–29 | ||||
Telecordia GR-487-CORE for enclosures
Generic Reliability Assurance Requirements for Optoelectronic Devices Used in Telecommunications Equipment
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